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五台山位于山西省五台县境内，因五峰如五根擎天大柱，峰顶平坦如台，故名五台。又因山上气候多寒，盛夏仍不知炎暑，故又别称清凉山。五台山是文殊菩萨的道场，位居四大佛教名山之首。五台山由古老结晶岩组成，五峰耸立：东台望海峰、西台挂月峰、南台锦绣峰、北台叶斗峰、中台翠岩峰。五峰之外称台外，五峰之内称台内，台内以台怀镇为中心，其中北台最高。五台山是中国佛教建筑最早地方之一，目前台内外尚有寺庙47座。五台山还是当今中国唯一兼有汉地佛教和藏传佛教的佛教道场。北台叶斗峰，海拔3061米，为华北最高峰，有华北屋脊之称五台山由东西南北中五大高峰组成，据说代表着文殊菩萨的五种智慧：大圆镜智，妙观察智，平等性智，成所作智，法界体性智；以及五方佛：东方阿閦佛，西方阿弥陀佛，南方宝生佛，北方不空成就佛，中央毗卢遮那佛。 五台山，因其五座主峰峰顶平缓有如垒土之台而得名，这五座台顶上，分别供奉着文殊菩萨的五个法身，又称五方文殊。东台望海峰，海拔2795米，有寺名曰望海，主供聪明文殊，拜之可使人聪明。北台叶斗峰，海拔3061米，为华北最高峰，有华北屋脊之称，有寺名曰灵应，主供无垢文殊，拜之可心地纯净、一尘不染。中台翠岩峰，海拔2894米，台顶遍布龙翻石，有寺名曰演教，主供儒童文殊，他是西方宗教中国本土化的典型产物。西台挂月峰，海拔2773米，有寺名曰法雷，主供狮子文殊，拜之可使人勇敢。南台锦绣峰，海拔2485米，有寺名曰普济，主供智慧文殊，拜之可使人获得无穷智慧。 2014年8月1-3日，我们一行55人，1日从帝都出发，2日到达鸿门岩开始徒步大朝台，3日晚上返回帝都。集体穿越是表现团队合作精神的好机会，每次穿越感受都不同，很清静、很纯净的心灵之旅。随着户外运动的蓬勃开展，到五台山徒步进行大朝台的人越来越多，这条线路也被冠以“中国徒步十大经典线路”之一。 东台名望海峰，海拔2795米，东台顶上“蒸云浴日，爽气澄秋，东望明霞，如陂似镜，即大海也，”故冠此名。由于海拔高，台顶气温低，盛夏时节，仍须穿冲锋衣。中国佛协前会长赵朴初填词赞曰：“东台顶，盛夏尚披裘。天著霞衣迎日出，峰腾云海作舟浮，朝气满神州。” 东台望海峰，海拔2795米。 虔诚的朝拜者 五台山（Mount Wutai）位于山西省忻州市五台县境内，位列中国佛教四大名山之首。五台山位于山西省东北部，隶属忻州市五台县，西南距省会太原市230公里，与浙江普陀山、安徽九华山、四川峨眉山、共称“中国佛教四大名山”。素有“金五台、银峨眉、铜普陀、铁九华”之说，同时五台山与尼泊尔蓝毗尼花园、印度鹿野苑、菩提伽耶、拘尸那迦并称为世界五大佛教圣地。 采药老汉 在中国每年都有许多虔诚的信徒，他们带上一生辛辛苦苦积攒起来的钱财，携家带口的不远万里，怀着虔诚的心愿，迈步、合十、举手、匍匐、五体投地、周而复始，用磕长头的行走方式，风雨无阻、马不停蹄缓慢地前行。 公元67年，汉明帝刘庄梦见了释迦牟尼，于是，白马西来，佛教正式传入中国。佛门弟子说：佛教传入中国的第二年，五台山就有了赦建大孚灵鹫寺，但历史学家又说，五台山有史可考的最早寺庙建于北魏年间。始建年代无论是东汉还是北魏，这都不影响五台山成为中国四大佛教名山之首，不影响佛教信徒们趋之若鹜的朝拜。([]
最新章节： 第521章 何炅 （ 2025-02-24 19:53:15）
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张雅茹Northern Wilderness, Solo Traverse of the Great Chang TangMr YANG Liusong, a Chinese who just finished the first solo traverse over Chang Tang by cycling from west to east in recorded human history, shared his stunning Expedition with all of us through the forum 8264 https//bbs.8264.com/thread-512349-1-1.html . In order to share his legendary journey with those who cannot read Chinese, I translate his story to English here, which has been approved by Mr YANG Liusong. Hope you guys enjoy it.为了让杨同学的传奇能让全世界的驴友分享，俺决定把杨同学的帖子翻译成英文。为了避免麻烦，俺先来个免责声明：1。杨同学不认识俺，也没有授权俺，如果他说不要翻译了那俺就随时终止；2。俺没有商业目的，译版版权归杨同学，俺啥也不要，也不承担法律责任；3。没有杨同学授权，不敢擅自发在国外网站，发在原帖处，荣誉归8264；4。俺英语水平有限，欢迎指正，欢迎转贴。 Northern Wilderness, Solo Traverse of the Great Chang TangBy Yang LiusongIt has been three months since I traversed the unpopulated region in the Great Chang Tang. There are many like-minded asking me about it. I now present this thread to briefly tell everybody about my journey.The starting point of this traverse was from the highest peak of the western part of the Tibetan plateau, Jieshan Daban, and the day was April 20, 2010.I was heading eastward passing Bungdag Co, Yanghu Co, Rola Co, and Kangzhagri Mountain, which crossed over the desolate region from west to east. The journey continued northward to enter the unpopulated area of Altun Mountains, through Hoh Xil Mountains, Kunlun Mountains, Whale lake, ..., finally met some people by the Aqqikkol Hu and then arrived in Huatugou by vehicle three days later and that day was July 5. It had been 77 days in total. I had been all alone 74 days after leaving Jieshan Daban until arriving inAqqikkol Hu, which was about 1400km and about four months.[The Great Chang Tang] In Tibetan, "Chang Tang" means northern empty wilderness while narrowly, means unpopulated region in northern part of Tibet. However, it actually indiCATes all of the no man's land in northern. The great Chang Tang includes desolate places in Northern Tibet, Hoh Xil, Alun Mountains, and Kunlun Mountains, which are interconnected to form the unique and super empty wilderness in the world. Only because Hoh Xil is the most known name, most people just think this vast land is equivalent to Hoh Xil. In reality, Hoh Xil is only a small piece of the Great Chang Tang both administratively and geologically. The Great Chang Tang, the last land to chase your freedom and dream.The route that I traversed ForeplayI arrived in Tibet in the early March, a couple of troubles bothered me. The brand new plug got its positive and negative wrongly connected; the rivets of my rucksack eASIly got broken from now and again; and a multi-functional charger got damaged and so on. Riding my bike to Ngari for warming up of this journey, lost my rucksack but later got it back; lost my camera bag and got it back later again, and finally lost a big bicycle pannier in the street of Gyangze town under the eyes of police, including clothes, solar panel and so on.Without much choice, I returned to Lhasa to adjust all the stuff I would need in the wilderness. Then I begged some luck by going to Nyingchi to enjoy the blossoms of peach trees and to take a hot spring bath. I even had the privilege to enjoy time with ten girls in the hot spring. I felt my bad luck had all gone and then returned to Lhasa again to prepare going to Ngari. I did not expect that I was cheated on by some hustler and lost some money and delayed my schedule for a week. I had to find a car myself quickly to Nagri. However, I lost the tool for fast-parting my rear wheel on my way to Nagri, where was a remote area in Tibet and nowhere to buy the tool. Even if there was one in Lhasa it would take at least ten days for a special delivery service. I was lucky that my mate Duola asked a driver to bring the tool for me from Lhasa. I thought there should be no more nightmare like this but the nozzle of my brand new multi-fuel stove was broken. The next day I tried everywhere to weld them back together. The first three shops could not do the welding for copper. The fourth one said they could do it but could not guarantee a sUCCess. The engineer said it would be ten Chinese yuans if it was a success. I agreed. Just in seconds, my nozzle became crap in a flash of lightening. I was so upset. Again, Duola helped me by bringing her own MSR oil stove and Dingding's sleeping bag to Nagri. That was already April 16 and I did not have much time to waste. The following day I found a vehicle heading to Jieshan Daban.The sand storm over Yarlung Zangbo RiverA lonely peach tree blossoming in Yarlung Zangbo Grand CanyonNatural hot spring in wild, me singing and drinking (photo by a friend of mine) Day 1(April 20), 16km, Camping 5192mIt was a truck with a full load of iron wastes, arriving in Jieshan Daban at 6'o clock in the morning. It was still night and extremely cold and dark. Driver was not bothered to pop his head out of the driving cab. I climbed up on the top of the iron wastes, taking my bicycle down. In a hurry, I punched my old water bag. Fortunately I had another MSR water bag given by a friend of mine otherwise I would definitely fail without even starting my journey. For the first time for me to set up the brand new tent in strong, cold winds. It would be impossible to do so if the tent was not a whole piece. Extremely cold outside, about -15C, might be lower than that, I put my head into the sleeping bag but was nearly suffocated to death, honestly. The smell of Dingding's sleeping bag was, lol, so extraordinary. I woke up around 11 o'clock. There were still strong winds outside so that I had to use my bodyweight to keep the tent in place. At the time when I just started to cook and eat, four patrolling soldiers approached me. To their surprise someone, in this season, camped in Jieshan Daban. I was so nervous and afraid they were the people to block my journey because I was caught and deported from the desolate land last year. Luckily the four soldiers did not know my destination and were very kind to me. After they left, I immediately packed my stuff and pushed my bike into the depths of the unpopulated area just in case anything unexpected happened.The bike was very heavy due to the provisions and hard to control. There was even a quite small hill that I had to remove my bike panniers to get over it. This really struck me because this happened even the path was still the hardship one at the moment and I could not imagine what I would do once I entered the uncertain, endless wilderness. Until now I had not met anyone, even the nomadic pastoralists. I remembered there were quite a few of them roaming at the edge of the northern Tibetan plateau last year. All of these indicated it was not the good pasture season in such low temperature and strong winds. Around 16km there was a sheep cote, where I passed it last year, east of Lungmu Co. I was exhausted at this point so that I decided to camp in here and to rest my head. After arranging tent everything I went out to look for the wetland discovered by Duola and Liumeng last year. I was determined to find it.There were many hot springs in the wetland which were underground water with a constant temperature. The wetland therefore became an ideal habitat for some fishes and weeds under such harsh weather, which was the very unique land feature of terrain in this over 5200m highland.Perpetual snow in the valley blown to corn shape by strong windsThis wetland was discovered by Duola and Liumeng. The workers at a nearby mine did not know it and I too missed it last yearUnderground water with a constant temperature, an ideal habitat for some fishes and weeds under such icy weather 感谢大伙儿支持和加分，不一一回复了。特别感谢多啦，希望能有机会一起喝酒吃肉。 Day 2 (April 21), 0km, Camping5192mBlustering gale all night, up and down like ocean waves. The next day rather than continuing to travel, I stayed inside the sheep cote, hesitating and pondering over. Indeed, there were so many problems before this journey;I did not have sufficient physical preparation;the load had already reached its limitation; I still coughed a lot;the weather was so extreme and cold. All in all, I did not think this journey was well prepared and I did not have confidence in completing this journey mentally and physically. To do, or not to do, it was the question. Similarly I did not have confidence in my facilities, not knowing whether all of them would work functionally or not. The fact was one of the rivets got broken again and the front rack came loose. In the afternoon, I replaced all the rivets of the panniers with screws I had prepared before. This was an excellent job I had done which gave me no further troubles throughout my whole journey. I also re-adjusted the front rack. However I did not think it would definitely all right because I did not have a tool to do it. When the darkness descended,I made up my mind to continue my journey, which, of course, was not beyond any imagination. Orchid-like weedsSmall springs everywhere, clear and chillyA thin layer of ice covering the fresh spring water The sheep cote, it was the door under the sleeping bag, which was in the same place as last year, everything looked like yesterdayThe wetland at duskLungmu Co at dusk. You could hear the gigantic sound of wind if the picture had a sound Day 3 (April 22), 52.4km, Camping 5145mGot up in the morning, could not put everything into the bags. Without much choice I had to throw away three portions of tsampa, elbow pads, and crampons. Following the road of the lead-zinicmine I found the side path to enter the wilderness, which was on the riverbed and very hard to see. I missed this side path last year so that I had to take a short cut into the wilderness directly then. That was why I had taken extra care to find the side path. The following journey was to get over a big hill, which lay 5275m above sea level and was the highest point of my whole journey. Around 2 o'clock in the afternoon, I passed the side path leading to Orba Co and started a journey which was complete strange to me. I ate a piece of pilot breads, which was frozen like rocks so that I had to use my spade to crush it. At 6 o'clock in the evening, I had pushed plus rode my bicycle for about 32 km. I reckoned I should have been able to double this if I did no carry such heavy load. The wind became stronger and stronger. I opened the parasail kits and tested it. The result was far beyond what I expected. With the aid of the strong wind I was just like flying over the wilderness. After 8 o'clock in the evening, I started to observe the water Source and to get ready to camp. Map showed there were successive springs along the path and assembled to puddles. But I had overestimated the water source here in this land and in this season there were endless wilderness inside the valley, where I could not see a single drop of water. As it became darker and darker, I felt a little bit nervous which resulted in three spokes of the parasail broken and became a useless rubbish. Anyway, it helped me to move forward 20km more which benefited me a lot later on. When time approached 9.30 pm, it was almost completely dark. I had to lie my bike on the ground and went on to try to find water on the north side of the valley. This was a wide and flat sandy land, where I could not see any ditches there and further was complete darkness. I returned to get my GPS to look up the contours and found the south part of the valley was closer to a hill so I took the way. Finally I found a piece of ice in a ditch. I smashed about 20litre of ice. The ice was quite shallow scattered with sheep poo. On my way back, my eyes were hurt by strong winds, which got me a couple of days to recover. It was nearly 23 o'clock after I set up the tent. It also took about 40 mins to melt the ice. I was so tired and my appetite was completely spoiled. I then had a little bit of milk. I had never expected thing would go like this, it was so distressing. Streams along the path, ice everywhereThe river flew into Matou Hu, in whose north part there was a satellite lake, a wonderful ice-skating court It took 40mins to melt the ice in midnight Day 4 (April 23), 31km, Camping 5028mA cloudy day with gusts. From now and again, hails chased me from behind. Sunny spell. Heavy sandy land made me have to push my bike. At 3pm, I arrived at Luxing Hu, where there was a house made of clay. This was the last permanent building of my journey. Last year, Duola and Liumeng once lived in this house for three days without meeting anybody. It seemed it was the same but the truck parking in front of the house made me worry about. I went to the sheep cote first to check over, where there were only a few lambs following me everywhere I went later on. This made me feel warm in my heart. I observed farther places using my binoculars but could not see any people or sheeps. After making sure there were no people around I opened the locked door using a screwdriver. The living room was very clean. There were two boxes of beverages on the ground and a string of cured lamb legs hanging over in the interior room. A pot of water was on the top of the stove, lukewarm, which indicated the host must be not far away from his home. I filled up my water bag and left the house. I also put the screws back to the door in order not to leave any trace of my visiting. I then took a spanner from the toolbox of the truck, which gave me great help for the rest of the journey.I left the house as quickly as possible. After last year's experience, the nomadic pastoralists were the last people I wanted to meet. A few hundred meters away from the house, the vehicle traces were fading fast. Even downhill, I had to push rather than to ride because of the heavy loose sand. From the route point of view, only after Luxing Hu it was the real unpopulated land. After many days, I thought of the lamb legs from time to time. It was pity that I then had plenty of provisions and the bike was too heavy to carry anything more. Continue to melt the ice under the morning sunshine, all of the sheep poo had been removed carefullyCamping site, the little hill over there was the place where I got the ice last nightThe house by the Luxing Hu, empty, the last permanent building I saw throughout my journeyDay 5 (April 24), 19.8km, Camping 4951mSet off at 10.30 in the morning, the weather was similar to yesterday. Probably this road was the high plain or somewhere the wind passed so that it was so windy. The average wind speed was degree 6 but could reach degree 9 in the blick of an eye. The road was still full of sand and very heavy to walk on it. My eyes became worse under such harsh weather. About three o'clock in the afternoon, I saw something in my right, looked like antenna. I went closer to see what it was and found out it was an iron tower (the triangulation station). In 1970s, a joint team from Chinese three military regiments entered this area doing research. They have left a lot of triangulation stations and benchmarks, which I had the priviledge to see them today.At dusk, I approached to a spring by the Bungdag Co, which flew into the frozon lake. The sand and soil, brought by the strong wind, scattered on the surface of the ice all over the lake. There were so many cracks around the icey surface of the lake. I geussed it must be caused by the springs under the water rather than by melted ice. In the west of the Bungdag Co was the side path leading to Keriya Pass, where a SUV could reach directly. I had looked out any vehicle Tracks but failed. The cloudy sky started to snow. I set up the tent comfortably because I knew that I was safe having such a sweet spring beside me.Triangulation station erected by scientists from the joint research team on Chang Tang of three military regiments in 1971[size=+0]The gap between water and ice in Bungdag Co, I guessed there must be some springs under the lakeThe storm just above the ground, a chaotic darkness[size=+0]Icy Bungdag Co,one of the four biggest lakes in Northern Tibet, wild ducks flying over this vastness and lonenessSnowing at any time, should not happen so frequently like this in this seasonDay 6 (April 25), 4.3km, Camping 5002mWeathering landforms everywhere around this area. Spongy volcanic rocks could be found easily. I pushed my bike turning around a small hill, seeing a big river, the Yinshui He, flowing from Orba Co into Bungdag Co, which I had been to its upstream last year. It was also a passage for animal migration. The downstream of the river was extremely wide and broad. The thickess of the ice layer could reach one meter with the main stem in the middle course of the river, very deep. There were a few springs along the river, sweet and clear.I only went forward a little bit more than 4km but I had walked more than 20km for finding my way. It was not possible to cross the main stem, let alone the north bank of Bungdad Co. What I could only do was to try to find a shallow place to cross. But the southern area was a even larger piece of wetland and forced the road turn towards west. I spent a couple of hours but failed to find a good point to cross the river. In the afternoon, I decided to follow the edge of the wetland. When I reached the hill foot, the wetland finally disappeared. Around this area, there were clearly volcanic feature of terrain and I even found traces of pasturing and cairns made from volcanic rock.Here was the last pasturing trace I found throughout my journey, I guessed it was a summer pasture area. After this, there was no clear sign of human activities in this vast wilderness. I had been looking for my ways until it was dark. I made up my mind where to go TOMOrrow. The terrain here looked like Yardang landforms, as well as volcanic landforms The Yinshui He river from Orba CoSprings scattered all over the river bank, painted green by lovely algaeThe river was very deep. The mixture of green and amber colour showed the sand and mud carried by the melted iceThick layer of ice, sunken surface caused by strong gustsThe south course of the Yinshui He, countless small streams. To the right was the wetlandLooking for ways in the east, a trace of pasturing and the cairn made from spongy volcanic rocksMy camp, opposite to the hillDay 7 (April 26), 11km, Camping 5009mI moved forward to the direction I found yesterday, turning around the wetland and walking toward east. At 2pm, I was blocked by the zigzag Yinshui He again and I had no choice but to cross it. The river was about 700m wide, covered by ice which appeared very different. The hanging ice, the folding ice, the piling-up ice, the icy puddle, and the sleet were everywhere along the river bank. Having noticed all of these, I reckoned the river would be receding at dusk, which was why there were so many different shapes and forms of ice. I put my slipper on, going into the main stream of the river. I found there were at least three different courses of the river, the thickness of the surface ice varied and the river water reached above my knees. I sighed there would be no way back once I crossed this river. There are many ways in one's life too, you can only take it once and you will no long have the courage to repeat it.I pushed the bike crossing the river. Some of the ice was a bit soft, jamming the tyres so that I had to use my feet to break them first. Some of the ice was a bit thick but with half-melted underneath, sticking the the bike completely, some of the ice was half-water half-ice with a sandy riverbed, which was really hard to pass. I had to remove all of the panniers at the last stage of the crossing. I spent the whole four hours to cross the river, my legs got many bloody cuts. At 6pm, the surface ice was almost disappeared completely, the river level rapidly rising to a chaotic status. I thought if I hesitated a little bit at that time, I could not have the courage to cross this river under such circumstances. The river bank was unimaginably sandy and was quite steep. I had to unloaded the panniers again to reach the top of the bank. By the time of sunset, the weather became exceptionally good. The sunlight from the descending sun, the blue sky, the faint moon, .... I liked such a colorful and peaceful Chang Tang and very much enjoyed my camp and myself bathed in such beautiful colour.The ice like this was very thin and suspended, far away from the main stemHard surface with half-melted underneath, the soft sand at the botton was most scaryThe ice like this could easily jam the wheels, hard to get it outI had to unload the panniersChaotic water and terrible hails turned up in no timeThe Chang Tang at the moment liked it used to be,a mixture of cold and warm tones under the golden setting sun Day 8 (April 27), 14.6km, Camping 5112mLast night, I forgot to bring in the odometer, which was out of order due to the coldness in midnight. Since then I used GPS to check the mileage. The digital thermometer was no longer working. I had to use mercury thermometer to collect data. Night temperatures were basically between –15℃—–20℃ while the temperature inside my tent was about –10℃. The advantage of the integrated tent was that it limited the ventilation so to keep warm inside. However, it got clearly disadvantage of heavy condensation and dew. Every morning, there was plenty of frost inside the tent so that I had to put my hood on First Before fully getting dressed. The winds in Chang Tang finally became consistent with the pattern I had researched the other day no or very tiny wind in the morning, strong wind started after 2pm, and then at around 8pm its strength was reduced again. The accuracy of this prediction was about 80%.The road was very bad today. I walked whole afternoon in an ancient riverbed and it was so difficult that I had to use all of my strengths to move a small step forward and then to stop to breath, slower than a snail. After five hours' struggling, my eyes got wet when I saw the grassy river bank. Finally! The nightmare was over.Cold and clear morningHeavy morning condensation in the interior, a lot of frost to clearSuch dawning sunlight indicated a cloudy day ahead Day 9 (April 28), 18km, 5072mIn the morning I entered a range of sandy roads which were so terrible. The solar panel specially designed for GPS got short circuited. After checking it was found to be the diode got damaged. Luckily I got a replacement. Because the GPS was exclusively supplied by a solar panel so that it was no longer a problem for the power supplement of GPS. In a period of 70 days, I did replace the battery once, which saved me a lot of alkaline batteries. I did have another solar panel of 5.4 W which was used specifically for 7.5V Camera, DV and other digital facilities. Unlike water, I had never been short of power.At 7pm in the evening, I arrived at Pur Co. The surface of this lake was very odd the ice by the river bank rose and the river bank was broken, I reckoned that was due to the strong winds. The ice there was mingled with something yellow, could be the stain of alkali. There were many wild yaks on the other side of the lake. There could be two brown bears but I could not be for certain. On the east side of the lake, there was a peninsula leading to the centre of the lake. I camped just opposite to the peninsula. At night , I smashed the ice to get drinking water, which tasted alkali. For the first time I cooked the cereals, which was brought completely by accident. This was just because I found there was a little bit of extra space when I was in Nagri packing the stuff for this journey so that I bought two packs of cereals. It tasted disgusting, probably there was too much alkali in the water. I threw away half of it. Later I realised that probably I subconsciously felt that the provisions was so heavy. I would rather make it lighter at any cost.Dry all my stuff in the morning sun, a routine matterA faint dusk in Pur CoThe river bank pushed up by ice and opened like zipper by gustsThe pushed up surface of the iceThe place where I got my drinking water, a thin layer of ice behind the ablation corns The moment just before sun set, glittering Pur Co, nothing was the same差点儿没找到俺自己的帖子，原来变色了。多谢各位鼓励。 Day 10 (April 29), 16km, Camping 5141mIn the morning, I walked around the north bank of the Pur Co， where it were continuous ups and downs sprinkled with light yellow sprouts across the sparse grassland. The wild yaks clustered into small groups. All of a sudden, there was a group of five of them running towards me, blowing a huge cloud of dust with the power of thunderbolts,I believed that anyone who did not know the characters of the wild yaks must be frightened to death under such circumstances. The fact was the wild yaks in groups never injured people. Rushing to you just to show you its territory. When they approached people at certain distance, they would turn sharply and run away, and then stopped somewhere high to stare at you. You can not imagine that the wild yaks were very cautious animals compared with its almost one ton of weight. Their first reaction, when meeting people, was to raise their tails, the front hooves rubbing against the ground, the horns pointing forward, the eyes redden, and the long body hair shaking, all of which showed their determination to fight.This was the warning sign that you should retreat. However, you should realise that this was only a gesture that they were afraid of you and wanted to scare you away. The thing was that if you were not afraid of them and moved forward, they would run away in no time. There were only some mad yaks attacking people, which was really rare to happen. In Chang Tang, an experienced driver know that it is very dangerous to pass directly from two or three lonely wild yaks. They always tried to avoid confronting them directly. If this was not possible, they would lit a cigarette, smoking, to wait until the yaks walked away themselves. This was because the wild yaks really could attack vehicles, which was not completely rumors. I once asked them why I had not been attacked. They told me that because my bike was so small they would not be bothered to attack it. My own experience was that approaching a wild yak very slowly, do not look into its eyes, and ignored what it was doing. As long as it moved forward a little bit, just stop and give the yaks a little bit of time to think. Because if you forced the yak, it could be themost dangerous animal in the world and nothing could stop them killing. Even a gunshot could not kill it but only left a small hole in its skin. In the past, the nomads living near this land would use yaks' skin as chopping board which was very much endurable. At noon, I lost my balacLAVA, which was brand new and I had never used it once. I could not be bothered to go back tofind it. This resulted in that I had to have my fleece hat day and night in the rest of my journey, which did not provide fully protection from the sun in the plateau. But somehow I was all right, perhaps because my skin is similar to those of yaks, lol. At around half past one, I found a deserted Jeep, upside down. I felt it could be there for years and it could be the vehicle of someillegal HUNTERs. Nowadays, we have wildlife conservation reserves in Chang Tang and the animals here are well protected. However, some people kills the wild yaks to sell them as the domestic yak's meat. In general, it is worth 10,000 Chinese yuans for a single wild yak. Therefore many people take the risk to make money. They often enter the unpopulated areas to hunt and their activities can reach 200 km in diameter. This is why the wild yaks in the deep wilderness are less afraid of people than thoseat the boundaries of the Chang Tang region.There once happened that a wild yak mother revenged its baby's murder in the Altun mountains. Its horns pierced the killer's chest and held his body over its head for more than ten days, which was very touching.Around 3pm, I walked out of the Pur basin. The next point was Hong Shan Daban and then it was the Yueya Hu by the Toze Gangri. At this time I found a vehicle track from south to north. I checked over but could not find the way where they had gone. I took my map, GPS, and compass, climbing up a small hill to estimate the location of Hong Shan Daban. The mountain was very round and it was hard to find the mountain pass. After determining the locations of the Daban, I moved straightforward. When I passed a messy grassland, I saw something that I was reluctant to see more than hundreds of wild yaks' head scattered all over, which was definitely the scene of the illegal hunting. After that it was a very long ancient river bed with soft sand slowly rising until the foot of the mountain.There are some spines on the surface of the tongues of wild yaks, which are used by nomads in this area as combs. They use them from their teens to the time when their hair becomes silver.The deserted Jeep, could be left by illegal hunters years agoThe slaughtered wild yaks with the wheel size heads. Some of the skulls were chopped into half. Why was that? Could be taken away for making combs?My camp at the foot of the Daban underthe lingering golden rays of the setting sun. Tomorrow's weather must be wonderful, I reckoned Day 11(April 30)， 20.4km, Camping 5120mThe surface of the road leading to Hong Shan Daban was very hard, most of them were small rocks, sort of gravels, plus a quite long downhill slope, I pushed my bike more than 20km for the first time after Luxing Hu. The mountain pass was quite flat, just like a broad ridge, it was 5256m above the sea level. Upon arriving at the pass, Toze Gangri of 6356m was in my sight clearly, very much round and there was no back bone like normal snow covered mountains. Most of the snow mountains in Chang Tang looked like this probably it was due to the geological movements. There were quite a few chirus or Tibetan antelopes in the valley but I was not interested in this kind of animals anymore after I witnessed a large scale of migration of such animals last year elsewhere.The herbivorous animals here are very quick to reach its original size of the population, such as wild yaks, chirus, Tibetan gazelle, pika, and marmot. When you go into the depths of the Chang Tang, you could hardly be surpised by the sudden appearance of the chirus because they are so common in here. At this time of year, the chirus have already male-female parted. You could see many pregnant female chirus but hardly see any males. According to recent research, Zonag Co is not the only lake for breeding. There are at least four of them in the whole Chang Tang. Zonag Co, Tuzi Hu, Heishi Beihu, and another lake I can not remember. I think there must be more than four of them and most of the populations do not migrant long way like most people used to think. They generally migrant from south to north between Central Mountains and Kunlun Mountains.The chirus looks very timid but are very curious about outside world. They are not really afraid of people, particularly in the depth of the Chang Tang. The nearest distance we can approach is about 30m. They just stare at you calmly and think who you are and why you move so slow. They would run in front of you. Look like they are afraid of you but the fact is they are playing with you. A man's own character shapes his fortune. This is of course suit for animals too. The chirus are the typical one. They have a super speed and a pair of sharp antlers. If they are crazy, three of them work together could easily kill a wolf. But as you might have known, their antlers are just for fighting to mate with females.Down the Daban there was a very steep and straight road, I tried to ride the bicycle but ended up with falling over. The front rack came loose and one of the pannier flew into valley. The foot of the mountain was the Yueya Hu covered by ice, which was alake full of heavy metal elements. Along the lake bank there were many stark rocks very much weathered, lining up just like castles or houses. This made me stop to investigate what they were from time to time, I did understand they were just rocks though but they were so real like the figures of real people. On of them even made me hide in a ditch, observing them again and again using my binoculars. There were also many black volcanic rocks. All in all, the features of this area were really unusual.Passed over the Yueya Hu, it was an endless ancient lake bed. What my GPS showed was this area was a big lake like tentacles. I looked around, it was endless wilderness without a piece of ice and a drop of water. Roughly, I estimated this lake bed was about 1200 square meters. I had to tell you that Chang Tang was a place where there was no high-resolution map. The marks in the map often were some kind of memory. Just like this ancient lake bed under my feet, may be it was full of water a few years ago. Who knows. Pushing the bike in such an endless lake bed was very easy to get lost. My mind was in a chaotic status too.The migration of the animals, photo taken last year The road rising up to the Daban, full of gravels, very hard, ideal for pushing your bikeThe Yueya Hu gazed at by the round and smooth Toze Gangri. At a glimpse, could you tell which was mountain, which was cloud?Ancient lake bed. The white stains were the alkali, look like ice. About wildlife (part 1)Declaration Personal experience for reference onlyDangerous wild animals and their threats to human beings are a ever-LASTING subject for those backpackers travelling in the wild.In Chang Tang, for example, there are two kinds of deadly animals, one is wolves and the other is brawn bears. As substitutes, wild yaks and crows might be dangerous to you in some circumstances that I will come back to this a little bit later on. As for how to protect yourself against these dangerous animals, I think the primary point is you do not try to hurt them because the emotions of human and animals are same instinctively. [Wolves]Throughout my journey, I met wolves a total of seven times, in which I confronted them five times. As you might have known that wolves have become more and more solitary animals, it is very rare they live in a large group nowadays. Please allow me off the point a little bit and talk about the ecological problems in Chang Tang. The problem is now not the decrease of the number of the chirus but the imbalance of the whole food chain, more specifically, the number of the animals on the higher trophic levels of the food chain has not yet reached its ideal level which results in this kind of imbalance. Particularly, the pikas and the marmots who have lost their predators rapidly expanse which results in the desertification of Chang Tang. As early as the middle of last century, wolves were the dominant predators in the vast wilderness. They became a threat not only to other preys but also nomads pasturing in this land. Therefore, the then government called on people to cull back the population of the wolves in Chang Tang, which resulted in the current situation directly. The last official record about wolves attacking humans was around 1970s, which happened in Bamaoqiongzong. A team of secientists was surrounded by a group of wolves and they had to shoot them using guns. Of course, at present in Chang Tang, wolves are absolutely lonely.In this traverse, the first time I encountered a pair of wolves, one of them staying in front of me pretending to attack me while the other staying behind me. This is the standard attacking strategy of wolves. First, you should not be nervous which can be easily detected by the predators. Second, you should not retreat even an inch because this means you are the prey rather than the predator. Do not make any large movement, of course you could take a picture if you feel safe to do so. You must look into its eyes for a few minutes or even half an hour. When the wolves can not work out who you are and consider you are not posing any danger to them, then they will leave. You should remember that wolves in this land do not lack of food and it is much easy for them to catch a pika than a human. Even if being hungry, they would evalsuate how easy to get you done, What you need to do is to show them that you are not interested in them and you are not afraid of them at all, let alone to show your ID card to them. As for the wolves family, really, I have not heard for ages. If you really have an encounter with them and they have no other choice, then it definitely depends on your forture. In fact, for so many year, it has been very rare to happen that wolves kill human. But the rumours are still there, in particular, the road connecting Xinjiang and Tibet.The nearest encounter with a wolf throughout my journey, no conflict at all[Brown Bears]Brown bears are real dangerous animals to human. Every year there are some accidents happened in some regions of Xinjiang on the north side of Kunkun Mountains and steppes in Northern Tibet. More than that the bears could attack your house, smash your windows, and eat your sheep. Therefore, in Northern Tibet some local councils give subsidies to the pastorarists for compensating the losses due to the bears because they are not allow to fight back and kill the bears except their lives are in great danger. Once there was a nomad taught me a method to protect yourself from bears. He told me to pick up a stick to feed the bear and the bear thinks the stick is your hand which tastes disgusting. So the bear would leave. It was so funny but the reality is to find a stick in this vast wilderness is just like you win the lottery.Bears are omonivorous animal who are generally not interested in human flesh. You can find that in most of accidents, the bears did not eat any of the human flesh rather they just smashed them for kind of fun that we could not understand. For the reason why bears kill human, one explanation is the conflict between human and wildlife in this extreme ecological environment. The nomads invade the habitats of the bears, which results in these conflicts. On the other hand, it might be because bears have quite high IQ so that they think it is much easy to kill a sheep in the cote rather than to kill a pika in the wild.I have met bears five times in my traverse, in two cases we were very close to each other. I had even walked with one of them for quite a while, just like we had a date for a walk. The fact is it is not that terrible like you might imagine. The same rules for dealing with wolves apply to bears. Never provoke dangerous animals. A bear can run at a speed of 40km/h, do you think you can compete this in a highland 5,000m above sea level?However, there is a situation where it is really dangerous, that is the encounter. It is not easy to control your instinctive reaction to the external dangers. Last year once I turned around a hill, there was a bear just in front of me. The bear of course was frightened by me with its front legs holding up, waving in the air and roaring. At that time I sat on the ground, ignoring it. The bear then left in a few minutes. Chang Tang is a vast land so that this is not that easy to happen. But if it does happen, really only God can bless you.The nearest encounter with a bear throughout my journey. This bear disappeared in a herd of wild yaks, which I had tried hard to spot, really weird About wildlife (part 2)Declaration personal experience for reference only.[Wild Yaks]I have talked about quite a few, like in the post of Day10. I will no longer talk about it.This was the funniest encounter with a solitary wild yak, who did not warn me. If I sat down, it sat down too. If I moved forward, it stopped. Could not imagine what it was thinking about.[Crows]Crows are dangerous only when you fall unconscious in the wilderness. Of course they will be the first to taste your flesh in that case. Unlike their cousinsliving in urban areas, the crows in Chang Tang have a larger body like eagles. When they fly over your head, you could feel like it is a piece of cloud. They are scavengers but like fresh meat too. It once happened that a baby was killed by crows relentlessly, let alone the lambs got killed by them. Once a nomad asked me for fireworks to scare the crows away. (They are sacred birds not to be killed by human)It is easy to defend yourself against crows, that is to keep fighting, never fall in the wilderness.A short break attracted the crows. Of course, they were miscalculating this time, photo taken last year[Strategies Adopted]At the time when I met the four soldiers in Jieshan Daban, they said there were many dangerous animals in the Northern Tibet and asked me if I had brought a shotgun. I think if they knew that I would enter Chang Tang they would definitely check if I really have a shotgun. The so-called defence facilities I brought with me were the fireworks and pepper spray. I had never used them. The fireworks were ruined and thrown away when I crossed a river and I had never opened the pepper spray. I even had never thought about this when camping in the night. The reason was I did not feel the needs. During the day time whenever I met any animals I had never touched the knife I had brought. I did not have anything to defend myself when I walked out to investigate the route. The Chang Tang is really a vast area so as to be very easy to detect anything strange.By the way, you'd better to avoid mating season's animals because even tamed rabbits could be aggressive in mating season.The thing is even if you have a gun, it is not very much helpful when bears attack you. Therefore, your attitude is most important.I can tell you something. Dogs are more dangerous than these wild animals. I had been chased by Tibetan dogs, pounced on by dogs in mating season, also besieged by a group of dogs. I really feel it is more useful to know how to defend a dog.Declaration again The above experience is from Chang Tang only. Of course, the more you prepared, the better. Day 12 (May 1), 23.8km, Camping 5117mToday was May 1 -- the Labour Day, I had been walking in some lake area marked in the map but clearly dried up. The lake basin was flat and hard so that I even pushed my bike more than 20km. Let it be the special treat for my May Day. After midday it became cloudy with growing winds. Since the Yueya Hu that I passed yesterday, there were no big lakes until Yanghu Co (My route would be between Jianshui Hu and Bairab Co), there was even no light alkaline water to drink so I had to pay extra attention not to miss any possible drinking water supply to fill up my water bag. There were a few very small lakes but all were alkaline puddles which was very shallow, whose depth was no more than the length of a half-finger. These puddles were covered with a hard shell of the mixture of salt and ice which smelled stinking and decaying when getting closer, must be toxic water I supposed. On the shore of this type of small lakes it was muddy soil and very hard to get closer.There was no sign of tundra at all.It was almost half past six when I found some snow corns in a ditch, which was the only drinking water supply of the day. There was a thin layer of melted ice on the surface of the ground near the snow corn, which was very hard to collect and was contaminated by the alkali. The snow corn was the yet melted thick snow, which was shaped like a corn by wind. The snow was quite hard and dry,porous like ice. I crushed a few snow corns, putting them into the water bag.They would be my drinking water tonight. These snow corns were the only one in today's wilderness, I reckoned the reason why they were not melted like others was the soil underneath contained large amount of ice blocks which acted as a freezer.Very strong gale in the night, it was hard to bear the sound of the vibration of the tent. Small single tent was good in the sense that it would not be blown away as long as you stayed inside. But you had to be very careful to set up the tent. I once did not pay much attention when doing so, the tent was blown away by winds, and rolling over like a Giant lantern ... I ran after it, got it back, and was exhausted. In general, it is not possible to fix the tent completely using tent pegs because they were not very much effective like large tents. It was snowing around 23 o'clock, the winds were howling from north,then the falling snow flakes landed on my tent quietly, I finally felt at peace and fell asleep. The flat ancient lake basin, assisting me walking more than 20kmSmall lake en route, toxic waterSnow corns, the only drinking water supply today Day 13 (May 2), 0km, Camping 5117mWaking up in the morning and opening the tent, the heavy snow outside must be sent by the God to force me have a break for the May Day. After lying in for a while, getting up and walking on the snowy ground out I went to have a look around. As first sight there were a herd of chirus. They were plainly to be spotted because they looked like a clear black straight line in the while snow. I returned to get my camera and then followed them to take some pictures. But they were very much alert and kept a quite long distance from me. I felt they were a group of pregnant females, instinctively protecting themselves from any potential harm. I was no longer short of water, the snow gave me a precious supply of drinking water. The problem was that they were very petrol consuming. I tool 8.6 litre of petrol and the oil stove was Duola's MSR. The pot was of 1.5 litre, mainly for boiling water. After several days' experiments, I found that the liquid water needed 16mins and 14-15mins to boil in the morning and evening, respectively. For ice, it would take 35-40mins while for snow it took 45-50mins. Melting snow was a very time and petrol consuming process so if I had a choice between snow and light alkaline water, most of time I would go with the latter. Lying inside the tent, listening to musics,I smoked a cigarette while gazing at the more and more chirus around me. Because it was very cold I had been wearing my shoes all the time. Now I just put my bare feet under the warm sun for some fresh air. I found three cuts in my hands and one in my sole. The cuts were about 4cm in length, looked terrible but it was actually all right really. Half of my toes were injured by to much walking, quite painful. I fetched my medicine bag and found I only got four patches of plasters, a serious mistake. One of the cuts in my hand had never been cured until I was out of this desolate land so as to feel like this finger would drop from my hand at any time. The others quickly recovered in a few days then new cuts appeared elsewhere. This process occurred periodically. I felt that it was somewhat related to the cold, dry weather and the lack of vitamins. The snow rapidly disappeared, which is unique phenomenon in Chang Tang. Because of the low air humidity and the high radiation from the sun, the snow was evaporating very fast, much quicker than the melting speed. Owing to this, the ground was generally still dry after the snow disappeared. In most cases, it would be only 2/5 left in the afternoon around 2 to 3 o'clock and small patches of ground could be seen. It would be completely all right for walking the next day. On the third day there could be some snow left in somewhere the sunlight hard to reach. So generally it could give you three days of water supply after a heavy snow like this. One of the pannier was broken, the most expensive one from deuter series, supposed to be waterproof. I will come back to it at some point later. Everything was covered by snow, no way out Lying in the middle of Chang Tang, listening to Tian Zhen's songs, and smoking Baisha cigarettes, what else can you ask for? The pregnant female chirus in migration, probably heading to Heishi Beihu to give birth([]
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杨惠昌注：请点击下方的“只看该作者”，方便浏览。谢谢。 洞穴是美丽的，洞穴是富有挑战性的，洞穴也是充满危险的。 探洞，对很多人来说还比较陌生。黑暗和丧失方向感是绝大多数人从未体验过的。黑暗、幽闭给人的紧张和恐惧远远大于人们对洞穴本来奇形怪状风光的认识。人要怎样克服自身对未认知世界的恐惧、现有感官在黑暗未知中所产生的种种不安？探洞正是这样一种极具挑战性的心理对抗战运动，它的魅力就在于你永远不知道你的下一步会看见什么，会发现什么，能满足你无限的想象，不断探索的欲望和好奇心。 相信很多人看过《黑暗侵袭》或《夺命深渊》这类的电影，对洞穴里面的食人怪物和探洞者迷失方向的恐惧记忆犹新。这次把作业交到游记攻略版，也是希望让更多的人了解洞穴以及神秘的洞穴生物，对这种无人涉足的地下世界有一个全新的认识。并以我和娟子为教训，千万不要学我俩哦！我和娟子的探险系列：业余选手三探雨扇洞： https//bbs.8264.com/thread-1872892-1-1.html一路上有你，凶险的探寻之旅我没有一丝恐惧（孤岛烟儿炮鬼吹灯+鬼宅探秘）贺岁帖 ：https//bbs.8264.com/thread-1988167-1-1.html陪你去冒险，在黑暗的迷窟中点一盏不灭的明灯（寻龙记+入阴河）https//bbs.8264.com/thread-2020255-1-1.html 四年前在沈阳，刚认识娟子的时候，她一个小姑娘独自住在一幢二层楼里，也不害怕。而且晚上还把窗帘拉的严严实实，躲在房间里看恐怖片，音量放的大大的。这不禁让我对她刮目相看。经过死缠烂打，最后一直追她到了大辽河边，才终于打动了她的心。哈哈，现在回忆起来还很甜蜜。 我和娟子在南方一年半的时间里，进深山，漂江河，钻丛林，探洞穴。曾险被瀑布冲进山洞里；曾在深夜跳入野湖中寻觅发出绿光的眼睛；曾几次在森林中迷路；曾在山洞中被巨大的蝙蝠攻击。。。。。。因为在这里，我俩没有朋友，所以每次出去探险，都没有第三人知道，这也增加了危险系数。向日葵色板官方两个人，同甘苦，共患难，幸运之神一次次的眷顾了我俩，每次的化险为夷也让我俩增加了户外经验，学会了如何预见危险，躲避危险。 为什么我明"毒帖“二字呢？说起来有点惭愧。我曾在天涯论坛上发过一篇探洞的帖子，这家伙，铺天盖地的板儿砖拍的我蒙灯转向。其实，向我提出意见的，无论言词有多尖刻，我都能虚心接受并表示感谢。但偏偏有那么一帮人，张嘴闭嘴就是”找死“二字，我很反感。谁的生命也不是大风刮来的，谁都有父母亲人和责任。我和娟子也一样。虽然向日葵色板官方两人喜欢冒险，但每次都把安全放在首位。并不像这些人所说的为自己寻找刺激而给别人带来麻烦。还有一些人回帖里说，我的帖子是“毒帖”，例如这个回帖： 我在这里给亲爱的驴友们一点提示，户外运动风险级别高的，尽量不要轻易挑战。如果喜欢探洞，可以选择一些已经探明而且难度不大的洞穴，探洞之前，多学习一些和洞穴有关的知识，装备很重要，最好有向导，至少三人以上团队，洞口有接应人员。我和娟子虽然也懂这些，但克制不住内心冒险的欲望，虽然积累了一点探洞经验，但像我俩这样，风险系数还是很大，所以请大家以我俩为戒，切勿效仿。 此次我俩探洞的装备如下：双肩包2个快干裤2条牛仔裤2条外套2件头盔2顶筒靴2双运动鞋2双PVC牛筋挂胶手套2双强光手电1把备用3800毫安的18650电池4节LED手电筒4把袖珍手电2把蜡烛3根打火机2只蒙古刀1把 （开山用）瑞士军dao一把高倍望远镜1架口罩2只（蝙蝠屎尿气味很难闻）眼镜2副（防止抬头的时候，蝙蝠屎拉到眼睛里）长焦相机配8节2300毫安电池长短三脚架各一副创可贴若干花露水一瓶月饼1斤饮用水4升嗯，大概就这些东西吧，装备比较简陋。专业的探洞设备价格很昂贵，一套好的探洞装备起码上万，承受不起，所以我和娟子商定，遇到洞中的竖井绝不尝试下探。由于我的文化水平有限，写不出妙笔生花的文字，只能用大白话来叙述本次探洞经历，帖子比较长，逐步更新中。最近心情比较沮丧。寻找千尸洞失败，寻找桃花洞失败，寻找曾家对门山洞失败，而这次寻找的山洞连名字都没有，更没有路线。只是我和娟子在一次徒步穿越的时候，在山中看到一户人家。向这家的一个老人打听才得知，山中有一个洞穴。老人只给我俩指出了大概的方向，并说那里根本无路可走，但我和娟子还是决心尝试一下。寻找洞穴入口我是深有体会，不是一般的困难。想在荆棘密布，草深林密的山中找到洞口，谈何容易。刚进山，我就被成群的蚊虫叮咬。虽然裸露的皮肤都喷上了花露水，但也不管用。照片中可以清晰的看到我后脖子被咬了很多包，又疼又痒，这不禁让我想起《荒野求生》中的贝爷穿越原始丛林的镜头。 我的双手被带刺的植物划的都是口子，鲜血淋漓。娟子比我强不少，只有少处划伤。接连翻了两座山头，由于野草太高，即使站在山顶也什么都看不到，只能上树了。爬到树上，向远处观望，发现了老人所指的一片竹林。下树后继续前行。 这是一条虎斑游蛇，微毒。大概很多人都见过，在我国分布很广。在东北，土名叫“野鸡脖子”。不过前几年有日本科学家新发现，被这种蛇咬伤后，会引起脑出血，在日本已生产出抗虎斑游蛇毒血清。我在年少时曾经抓过这种蛇，捕捉的时候，它会高昂脑袋，头和脖子扁扁的，做出攻击状。如果在手里把玩一会儿，手就有一股腥臭的味道。最奇怪的是，这种蛇在后脖子喷出毒液，只要不射进眼睛里，就没什么问。我发现这条蛇的时候，因为手有点抖动，所以拍的不是很清晰。等我再想拍第二张的时候，它就窜进草丛中不见了。历尽千辛万苦，终于找到了洞口所在。这是我和娟子一个多月以来，经历了数次失败后，找到的全新洞穴。心情很激动，站在洞口边，发现洞道向下延伸，虽然坡度有点陡，但难度不是很大。里面漆黑一片，到底会有什么样的景致在等待我俩呢？ 我国历史上有记载的洞穴探险始于明代徐霞客。英国人李约瑟称徐霞客的著作与其说是17世纪知识分子的著述，不如说是20世纪的野外考察记录。遗憾的是他没有绘下一分洞穴图纸，不知是失传，还是当时的他没有想到？继徐霞客之后，我国的洞穴探险后继乏人，于是洞穴成了我国遗留在大地上的“最后的”神秘所在。 和欧美等国相比，我国拥有的洞穴数与我国从事探洞活动的人数很不相称。近年来我国已有群众性洞穴组织了：1984年贵州省地理学会建立的我国第一个洞穴组织—洞穴专业委员会；1987年广州华南师范大学建立的洞穴研究协会；1987年建立的广西柳州洞穴协会；1989年设立的中国科学探险学会洞穴探险部；1991年中国地质学会等。直至今天，民间洞穴探险队也开始活跃起来。具有代表性的有重庆洞穴探险队，浙江洞穴探险队，疯子探险队等。这些洞穴探险队有着资深的探洞经验和救援技术，为我国的洞穴研究开发做出了很大的贡献。 我和娟子只能算是业余业余再业余的选手，哈哈。不过也能体验到其中的乐趣就够了。简单的换好衣服，我和娟子准备下洞。 说实话，娟子的攀岩技术比我要强不少，很多时候都是她抢在前面探路。这次也不例外。（说这话我都脸红）。向日葵色板官方两人安全到了洞底，洞底距离洞口大概不到十米，仔细查看了一下周围的环境，没发现有蛇类活动。抬头看看洞外，不知道再次看见阳光会是什么时候了。 再次检查和调试了一下手电。然后就准备在我身后的小洞口钻进去。 探洞一般可以分为两种：即水洞探险和干洞探险。水洞的探险指洞内有常年地下水流的岩溶洞穴。干洞是脱离了自由水面的化石洞，发育在地势较高的地方，发育的历史较长，洞内往往被各种多彩多姿的钟乳石所装饰，目前我俩还不能确定这个洞穴到底属于哪一种类型。正式进入到了黑暗之中，蹑足潜踪，放轻脚步，以防惊起成群的蝙蝠，那可一点也不好玩儿。 其实早在北宋,王安石的《游褒禅山记》中就提到其探洞的经历,“余与四人拥火以入,入之愈深,其进愈难,而其见愈奇”。王安石无限感慨地说着他的遗憾,认为自己半途而返是缺乏探索精神,以致出洞后追悔莫及。时至今日,他的那份心情,依然能够穿越时空的阻隔,清楚地摆在我们面前。当然,这位伟大的文学家兼改革家做梦也没有想到,一千多年后的今天,我和娟子继续体验他曾经痴迷的探洞心情。脚下非常难走，洞穴一路向下延伸，这里是另外一个奇妙的世界，我俩正在为“自己心中的神秘”而探索 ！ 哈哈，又看到了这种家伙。在我探过的所有洞穴中，无一例外都有它的身影。学名“灶马”，也有人叫它洞穴蟋蟀。是有名的洞窟性及群栖性昆虫。在洞中，它以蝙蝠粪便和小昆虫为食，自己也被蝙蝠和洞穴蜘蛛所吞食。 形态各异的石头开始出现了，这块大石裂开了一个口子，我怎么看，怎么像一个巨大鳄鱼的眼睛。这种石头形成的原因是含钙高的水滴在石头上，日积月累就形成了这种特有的乳白色。 娟子每次在洞穴中的某块石头前，都要驻足仔细观看很久，也不知道她能看出什么来。喊她几次才肯走。哈哈，我都习惯了。 寂静黑暗的洞穴中，我和娟子步伐很慢，仔细观察周围的环境。这个洞穴貌似还没有人类留下的痕迹，这也就增加了本次探洞的危险性。抬头观望，上面有一个支洞，洞口狭窄。对探洞者来说，如果不是迫不得已，尽量不要去钻这种细小的岔洞。我记得有一个洞穴探险者，强行钻进这样的小洞，不慎被洞壁卡住，进退两难。最后，队友用残忍的办法——敲碎他的肩胛骨，才得以脱身。 隐约听见了吱吱的叫声和翅膀拍打的声音。顺着声音寻去，不出所料，在我俩去路的上方，聚集着一群蝙蝠。我和娟子在第二次探雨扇洞的时候，曾拍摄到了一只巨大的蝙蝠。第三次探雨扇洞的时候，被蝙蝠屎尿的气味熏的刺鼻辣眼，因为怕氨中毒，最后退了出来。关于蝙蝠，我在《业余选手三探雨扇洞》的帖子里有详细的介绍，这里就不多废话了。由于蝙蝠往往携带狂犬病毒，所以尽量不要招惹它们，被惊醒的蝙蝠群是很可怕的。所幸现在我俩遇到的蝙蝠群并不很大，也比较安静，我俩尽量的轻手轻脚，以求安全通过。 要想继续前行，必须紧贴着这群蝙蝠才能过去。娟子又要先行通过，我拉住她，让她躲在一块石头后面，我先上去看看情况。 记得我发过一个探洞贴，有个驴友给我回帖说，蝙蝠有超声波，怎样飞都不会撞到你。就连电视上的动物世界和学校的课本里，都这么说。但事实并非如此。受惊的蝙蝠根本不辨方向，好似没头的苍蝇一样乱撞。这种情况，每个探洞者都曾经历过。所以还是小心为妙。我悄悄爬了过去，慢慢直起腰，蝙蝠和我近在咫尺，只要一伸手就能抓到，但它们还是安静的倒挂在石壁上，对我不理不睬。 顺利的在蝙蝠下面经过，松了口气，继续前行。面前一块石头，就在相片的左下角位置，看起来像一头母狮的脑袋。 感谢各位驴友回帖支持，继续更新中。。。。。。 我和娟子前行的路，一直都在向下延伸，没有检测海拔的设备，所以也不知道现在我俩具体深度是多少。前面又是一个崖壁，我仔细看看，坡度不大，应该容易下去。安全到底，路就比较平坦了。洞壁或洞顶流出的饱含碳酸钙的薄层水流沉积形成褶状流石的石幔，在手电的照射下，非常漂亮。各种奇异的石头，在地底不知沉睡了几百万，几千万年，才有了今天这样的形状。如果近距离拍摄观察，会觉得更加漂亮。 又向前行进了一段路，忽然发现前面的石头上，趴着一只大蚰蜒。有人叫它“地蜈蚣”，它的头部后面有一个环节、有一对钩状颚足，颚足末端成爪状，爪的顶端有毒腺开口，能分泌毒液，触及人体皮肤后即可致局部疱疹，令人刺痛难受。常见的蚰蜒体长25—-30毫米，洞穴蚰蜒就要大很多了。我见到的这只大蚰蜒比筷子还粗，身长近10厘米。 七绕八拐，沿途做了一些记。为了不给溶洞造成大的污染，我只是用容易降解的白纸，塞在比较明显的石缝中。如果返回，再逐一取出。 又向下行走了一段路，进入了一个比较宽阔的洞厅。这里湿气很重，并漂浮着浓浓的雾气。由于长时间闻着石灰岩的气味，所以嗅觉有点麻木了。我仔细闻了很久，没发现有瓦斯或者别的异味。小心的点燃了蜡烛，观察到火苗的颜色没有改变，燃烧正常。相反，如果发现火焰闪烁，表明氧气不足或二氧化碳含量已达3％，这时要特别注意，二氧化碳含量达到10％时火苗熄灭，会迅速致命。当然这样的情况不多。目前我国只在云南发现个别洞穴二氧化碳含量较高。 虽然没有什么危险，但感觉身上有点冷了。从背包里取出外套穿上，和娟子商量了一下，如果前面雾气依然很大，我俩就不再继续下探。([]
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王哲豪从西藏回来一周了，不知是醉氧还是心逗留在那，时不时恍惚之间，思绪又飘到了喜马拉雅山脉的山谷里，七天所经历的一幕幕，又会浮现在眼前。古人说：山中方七日，世上已千年。好在真不是这么回事，我的亲人们、我的朋友们依然年轻、依然健康，正因为有了他（她）们的牵挂、祝福，经历了路上爆胎、车子冲下路基差点翻到沟里、车子追尾等等有惊无险的花絮后，平安归来。 有朋友说：雪山和大海是看不腻的！我同意，看着雪山或大海，的确可以发一天的呆。所以这几年来，夏天看海拍海，秋天进山拍雪峰，成了我的摄影主。今年的秋摄计划早在几个月前就确定，每个周末的爬山拉练只为这次徒步之旅，时不时担忧自己的体能、时不时担忧自己半月板已破碎的膝关节如何能应付这高海拔的连续徒步之旅，但我知道一点，现在不去，以后可能身体真的去不了了，抱着即使膝关节再伤害得重一点也要走一趟的决心，踏上了这趟旅程。 感谢这次同行的三位朋友：亚克西、言语、和曦，从订机票、联系住宿、租车、租牦牛、徒步之中的食、住。。。无一不为这趟之旅付出了辛勤的汗水。七天徒步行程：第一天：曲当乡--优帕村--晓乌措第二天：晓乌措--卓湘第三天：卓湘--热嘎第四天：热嘎--白当第五天：白当--热嘎第六天：热嘎--错学仁玛第七天：错学仁玛--伦珠林村--优帕村 珠峰东坡，在国内并不算特别有名气的徒步线路，但在国外驴友界却名声显赫。珠峰东坡和嘎玛沟在上世纪被美国和英国探险家赞誉为 “世界十大景观”之一、“世界上最美丽的山谷”、“世界十大经典徒步线路之一”。因其整个徒步线在珠峰自然保护区内，风景非震震撼，珍稀野生动植物繁多，同时可以欣赏到珠峰（世界第一）、洛子峰（世界第四）、马卡鲁峰（世界第五）。 此地区的特点主要是海拔高（平均海拔在4000m以上），雪山融水形成湖泊众多，天气好时能近距离欣赏雪山的震撼之美。线路上人迹罕至，生态原始，水源丰富，珍稀动植物时有所见，星星点点的高山湖泊如宝石般散布，加之嘎玛沟沟谷幽深，景色非常之迷人。 向日葵色板官方的徒步之旅，前几天是令人非常沮丧的，云雾太重，象第四天的行程，路上都没拍过一张，而带去的五块相机电池，最后剩下三块都没有用，因为每天吃过晚饭就开始下雨下雪，曝高原星空的愿望一直没能达成，但上天和神山还算关照，把好天气留在了最后两天，把大家最为看重的雪山倒影完美展现出来，所以总的来说，这一趟还算不虚此行。卓湘营地的早晨汤湘观景台白当营地看珠穆朗卓峰 晨拍珠穆隆索峰、洛子峰、珠峰 (从左至右）日出前天空泛起玫瑰红日照三峰晶莹剔透钻石山冰雪霜遥相呼应徒步七天感想良多，无奈怕打字，就不必矫情感概！下面按时间顺序用图片做个流水帐。俺一直建议进藏的航班选择个靠窗的位置，有机会航拍到雪山就赚到！可惜俺的航班太晚，再加上航班延误半个小时，只能抓住夕阳的一点尾巴拉萨－－日喀则－－曲当乡2.青稞熟了拉萨－－日喀则－－曲当乡3.不是新都桥，也有红草地拉萨－－日喀则－－曲当乡4.拉萨－－日喀则－－曲当乡5几米阳光？拉萨－－日喀则－－曲当乡6.拉萨－－日喀则－－曲当乡7.第二天就中秋节，好多年没在外面过了！本想从深圳带两个月饼过节吃也好，做路餐吃也好，但想到月饼易碎衣压遂放弃。没想到中秋这天，在曲丹乡转了半天也没找到月饼卖，好在和向日葵色板官方同行程的另一个安徽团的驴友带了几个月饼，中秋之夜和他们聊天之际吃了一点，表示过了这节，安徽团友如果看到此贴，俺再次表示感谢！拉萨－－日喀则－－曲当乡8.久乌拉垭口，世界上最好的雪山观景台，全球14座八千米以上的五座雪山尽收眼底，珠峰右边是卓奥友峰、希夏邦马峰、珠峰的左边是洛子峰、马卡鲁峰拉萨－－日喀则－－曲当乡9.珠峰巨大的金字塔山体矗立在蓝天下 拉萨－－日喀则－－曲当乡10卓奥友峰美轮美奂拉萨－－日喀则－－曲当乡11.此情此景忍不住和神山合影一张多谢各位朋友的支持、鼓励、欣赏，由于时间关系我就不一一回复了！第一天徒步路线：曲当乡(海拔3700m)——优帕村——晓乌错（4700米）上升900米 这是让我崩溃的一天，背着单反一机三头，三脚架，路餐，保暖衣服，1公斤的饮用水，整个背包合计28斤左右，然后从曲当乡开始徒步（很多队伍是从曲当乡坐车到优帕村开始徒步的，这样可以少走八九公里），翻不完的垭口，永远不够吸的高原稀薄空气中的氧气，1公斤的饮用人还剩1/3的路程就喝光，累、渴，每翻过一个垭口就希望能看到营地点，在无数次的失望之后，在麻木地拖动着疲惫的脚步往前的时候，终于走到了晓无措营地，时间已经快来到下午六点，乌云满天，晚霞没戏，疲惫、反胃，一头钻进帐篷睡去，直到同伴煮好面条喊起来随便吃点。躺在帐篷一瞬间，突然萌发了明天下山吧！我这体力可能撑不完全程，但又想可能今天背负不当，背的东西太多，饮用水太少，还有不该从曲当乡开始徒步，浪费了时间和体力。。。不想那么多了，明早起来再看身体条件再定，帐篷外飞起毛毛细雨，沉沉睡去，夜间又醒来无数次，高海拔地方始终睡得不踏实。12曲当乡——晓乌错13背了一天的三脚架，就路上按了两张流水慢门曲当乡——晓乌错14 第二天徒步行程：晓乌错（4700米）——-小乌拉（4900米）——卓湘（4000米） 第二天早上起来，觉得身体状况不错，又有信心接着往下走，可惜出帐篷一看，雪山呢？以前看过驴友们在晓乌错拍的雪山全都在云里雾里，比较沮丧，既然没啥好拍的，晓乌措也没啥好留恋的了，收拾东西走人。鉴于第一天负重过多，累得半死，毫不犹豫地把两个镜头、三脚架、头灯等全装到驮包内，让牦牛去驮吧，路餐也减了一半，顿时觉得包轻了不少，出发吧！15.别人拍的晓无措有雪山，可惜俺的眼里只有云和雾了晓乌错－－卓湘16.远处的湖就是晓乌措，第一天的营地就扎在湖边晓乌错－－卓湘17.歇会儿吧！晓乌错－－卓湘18.左边还有个更大的海子晓乌错－－卓湘19.小乌拉山口，马卡鲁雪山露了半个脸，好像在鼓励向日葵色板官方继续往前晓乌错－－卓湘20.向日葵色板官方满怀信心，相信一定会云开雾散，雪山会和向日葵色板官方坦诚相见晓乌错－－卓湘21.可惜高原气候多变，越走雾越大，别说拍雪山，连前行的路都快看不清了，收起相机专心赶路，时间过了两天没拍到一张满意的照片，雪山也才露了半个脸，急，真让人急！在下了很多很多坡后，在下坡时脚趾被鞋子挤得隐隐作痛时，终于看到卓湘营地。晓乌错－－卓湘22.安营扎寨，烧火做饭。由于第一天在晓无错到营地就倒下，今天状态不错，所以东转转西逛逛，好奇牦牛工带了啥吃的，藏耙、青稞、酥油茶、藏酒，不得不承认他们自己酿的藏酒很不错，后来几天，向日葵色板官方开始讨，后来用食品换，饱了几次口福。晓乌错－－卓湘23..有时世界真的很小，在茫茫的喜马拉雅山脉中，在同一个营地碰到来自深圳的走陈家塘的队伍，而我们的同伴和他们的队员居然是相识好久的老友，大家言谈甚欢，当晚在篝火旁，在他们年轻活泼的藏族小伙向导的带领下，大家又唱又跳，玩得很HIGH。第三天徒步行程：卓湘（4000米）－－汤湘（4500）－－热嘎（4200米）这天的徒步行程终点原计划到汤湘营地的，但昨晚走陈塘沟的队伍建议向日葵色板官方多走一个多小时到热嘎安营扎寨，因为汤湘营地取水又远又困难，向日葵色板官方关心的是哪个营地漂亮的？后来徒步到汤湘，才发现的确取水很困难，所以又接着徒步到热嘎，没想到热嘎也很漂亮。24.由于前晚玩得很HIGH，加上营地海拔较低，睡得都很踏实，第二天醒来一看天都亮了！卓湘－－热嘎25.扭头一看，西边的雪山露出来了，马上穿衣，扛起三角架，跑到小溪边，场景很梦幻哦！([]
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李建弘因为麦兜的一句话，马尔代夫成了多少人觉得此生必须一去的天堂，我也不能免俗！ 定岛的时候有些波折。其实本次行程首选希腊的，但一屏幕的流程，却有两屏幕半的证说明，着实吓了我一跳。证至少一个月而且还不一定能办下来，而向日葵色板官方假期又定死了，所以来不及了。 （详细叙述此旅程为后去者做参考）马尔代夫的落地，实在很人性化！首先选的X程网，向日葵视频色版下载很少。于是我转战X牛网。经过足足三天的筛选，粗矿到岛的大小，细致到酒店的牙刷，每个评论都不放过，终于选中一个岛。等订单交上去以后，第二天（交上去已经半夜了），X牛网工作人员来电说，我的订的向日葵视频色版下载已经没有了！左右几天都没有了！8月中都悬！ 没有了你放在网上干什么？？一个电话告诉我，我浪费了三天生命？然后拼命推销我不喜欢的岛，顿时心生反感。难怪你们的向日葵视频色版下载是X程网的几倍，原来放着吸引眼球的，把客人吸引过来再推销其他向日葵视频色版下载！算不当竞争么！！果断挂了电话！又回到X程网，向日葵视频色版下载真心不多，而且心情已经大不如前几天激动了，最后草草了事定了很小很小的Vadoo岛。订单交上去几小时后，X程网给我来电，大致意思是订单已经传给美佳航空和Vadoo酒店，需要我等待回复。我心想，不会两家网站一样不靠谱吧！但精疲力尽的我实在提不起精神了，等吧。第二天下午，X程网来电，意思是今天是周五了，对方酒店还没有回复，预计要等到周一，我是等还是换。此刻心情，实在难以言表。心一横，等，没有就不去了！ 好在星期一一早，X程网客服告诉我订单已经形成了，从收到行程确定单的那刻起，心中再无旁骛，好心情回归，开始大肆搜寻攻略，疯狂采购装备，原来Vadoo是第一个水屋岛，无需出海，水屋下面就是珊瑚等等，开始一点点期待这个随便定的岛了。也搜到美佳航空出过几件负面事件，飞机连修三次，甩客，延误什么的，略担心！ 2013.7.29看天气预报，马累接下来7天，天天雷雨，我的小心脏处再次传出破碎的声音。 。2013.7.30-3：30启程，飞机是美佳航空直飞，7：00起飞，按照网上攻略必须提前3个小时到达机场（实验证明过早的攻略完全没有价值，一点点慢慢道来），订单注明提前2小时30分，我也觉得3小时略长，因此3点30分出发，凌晨从淮海路到浦东国际机场1个小时足够，果然只用了45分钟，T2航站楼车库停好车，到达值机柜台处（32-36），一个工作人员也没有，屏幕显示5：00开始换登机牌，工作人员5：05慢慢悠悠的陆续来了，磨蹭一会终于开始工作了。我的托运很顺利，因为知道什么随身，什么能托，什么不能带。还是有很多乘客被叫去小屋子里开行李的，一种莫名的小得瑟油然而生，嘻嘻！换好登机牌就直接进去安检了，突然发现由于太兴奋了，带的早饭忘记吃了，都进安检区了，我可不想学电影里王宝强安检口喝牛奶，只好丢掉了。过安检后，果然什么店都没开，只有一家很难吃的咖啡店开着，难吃也还是吃了。抱着我的小兔猪，心情大好！ 准点登机，一分钟也没延误，好的开始成功的一半！ 顺利起飞，平稳后就开始发早餐，虽然也很一般但比刚才又贵又难吃的面好多了！吃完早餐开始填写全英文的入境单，对我这个英文考试没超过70分过的人来说，真是一大难，幸好我提前网上下了模板，不过每家公司的入境单都不一样，最后还是求助了别人。目前为止，美佳航空的向日葵视频色板APP官网还是很好的，没有出现网上评论的那些状况，还招了一些12岁以下的小朋友体验一把小空乘的感觉，很温馨！还有啊，空少比空姐养眼，哈哈！ 在马尔代夫上空了，看着印度洋上的点点珍珠，耳边响起了麦兜的话：“蓝天白云，椰林树影，水清沙白，是坐落于印度洋上的世外桃源……”迫不及待的下了飞机，没有雷也没有雨，太阳当空照，花儿对我笑！哈哈！RP太好了我！欢快的下了飞机！出关时，我完美的入境单通过，不过护照是以前胖的时候拍的，小胡子入境员，看看护照看看我，看了三次，然后笑了……笑得我很伤心，看他眼神好像在说，你以前是有多胖！ 找啊找啊找酒店，人家希尔顿啊什么的酒店的接待都在入境门口等，唉……俺们只好自己去找人家的柜台啦！其实选Vadoo岛有一个很大的原因，中国人少，因为岛上没有中国的或者会中文的向日葵视频色板APP官网员。好多攻略说卡尼岛，满月岛什么的，像中国人包岛一样，根本感觉在三亚，完全没有在国外的感觉。可是我没想到的是，Vadoo岛什么国家的人都不多！整个航班去向日葵色板官方岛的就两家人家！！也许是因为向日葵色板官方的岛太小了，本身能接待的客人也不多的缘故吧！ 发到帖子上的照片怎么变得不清晰啦 怎么回事呢马累机场的海岸码头从这里出发去马尔代夫的各个岛屿 碧海蓝天 真美人家一船的人是去一个岛，向日葵色板官方搭着去别的岛的船，先把向日葵色板官方送到我们的岛去，因为向日葵色板官方的岛离机场只有15分钟船程！印度洋的大海与蓝天向日葵色板官方出发上岛去啦我们乘风破浪 VADOO岛近在眼前了！ 终于到了！！真不敢相信，我已经在马尔代夫了！o我身后的小MM一定也欢喜雀跃吧。 麦兜的向往：“蓝天白云，椰林树影，水清沙白，是坐落于印度洋上的世外桃源……”如画般美丽！向日葵色板官方的管家叫Shafi,一个腼腆的小帅哥。小管家Shafi带向日葵色板官方整个岛介绍了一遍，真的好小，走走说说也就20来分钟，估计跑一圈5分钟有么……泳池，花园，沙滩排球，海上娱乐项目介绍等，岛上的Spa是很有名的，技师全部来自巴厘岛，此行一定要败一次！一圈逛下来没遇到多少其他游客，好开心，我就想要一个安静的小岛，一个放空心灵的假期，顿时有种来对了的意外惊喜！ VADOO岛的美景不时出现在我眼前!我又想起了麦兜的话：“蓝天白云，椰林树影，水清沙白，是坐落于印度洋上的世外桃源……”闲庭信步 漫游小岛短短的时间 逛岛就结束了 管家shafi带向日葵色板官方去水屋同行的是来自杭州的一家子 此旅途向日葵色板官方成了朋友 我梦想的水屋马上就要见到了管家shafi先带大家参观下房间 干净整洁 房间也蛮大 向日葵色板官方的房间面朝大海 每当早晨醒来的时候 你就会觉得自己飘荡在碧海蓝天之中 说不出的飘逸感搭建在珊瑚礁上的水屋 不知用怎样的语言来形容突然发现旁边水屋的水梯上有个安静伫立的水鸟 我想起网上介绍说马尔代夫的每个小岛上都有只一对水鸟 它们才是这个岛真正的主人看来是主人来巡视小岛了 了解下向日葵色板官方有没打扰它们呵呵大家知道这是什么水鸟吗看我这样子 大家就知道我此刻的心情了([]
18岁的流水线纪录片完整版视频播放
林维哲由于规划十一长假的旅行计划比较晚了，又不想拥挤在国内人山人海的景点中，因此打算找个证容易的目的地去旅行，斯里兰卡无论是人文风光的吸引力、还是开销都在预算内，对向日葵色板官方来说是很不错的选择地之一。手机拍的第一眼斯里兰卡，恍惚间有到了印度的感脚！首先在网上搞定机票，据echo说淡季斯里兰卡直飞的斯里兰卡航空常规价格含税在4K出头，我们大约是提前一个月预定的，可能还是受国庆长假的影响，机票含税为6700¥。在旅途中遇到很多中国朋友，他们都是提前很久在亚航买的吉隆坡转机的机票，大概3K65;出头，时间和金钱的开销是成正比的，这个就看个人情况来规划了。北京(首都T2)-科伦坡(科隆坡)，10月2日0345起飞，UL899 到达斯里兰卡是当地时间中午之前，到了就可以开始旅行了，能节省一些时间。科伦坡(科隆坡)-北京(首都)，10月10日0125起飞，UL888到达北京的时间是下午1点多，到家3点，还能好好休息证据说以前斯里兰卡以前是对中国大陆护照入境免证费但并不是免，从2012年1月1日开始收取证费25美金，2012年3月1日开始实行电子证政策，需要提前在官网上申请，证费是20美金，网上支付证费需要用信用卡支付（如Visa或Master），和别国证一样，支付后证申请不成功也没得退钱的哦，不过至今还没听到有拒的情况。电子证官网地址 https//www.eta.gov.lk/slvisa/进入后选择中文，只需填写简单的个人信息、大约抵达时间和住宿点即可，不需要上传任何财产证明、工作证明、机票证明、身份证明之类的文件，几乎没有什么难度申请完并付费成功后会立刻收到一封邮件说会在24小时内进行审核，由于是周末晚上申请的，申请后20分钟就得到了出邮件，平時可能更快，这封邮件就是电子证，通常ETA的有效期间为半年，可以在兰卡停留30天，出发之前要打印出来带着护照和机票一起过海关。需要提醒一下的是，信用卡支付的时候要确定你的银行信用卡开通了网上支付，否则在支付的时候通不过，前面填的表格都得重新来写一次，很耽误时间。以下便是收到的电子证的样子租车情况：其实斯里兰卡是很适合背包自由行，搭乘传统的公交bus、火车、tutu车等交通工具，尤其是斯里兰卡有很著名的海岸线火车风光，但由于向日葵色板官方规划的旅行计划时间紧凑，想去的地方不少，带的行李也不少，最后讨论的结果还是租车，网上咨询和了解大概情况后，用邮件沟通行程并同时在酒店先预定好了车和司机，出发前的准备已经OK租车费是7天420美金，包括油费，不用负担司机的住和吃，但从整个旅行的状况和体验看下来，司机会带一些隐性推荐，存在着向日葵视频色板APP官网专业性的问，所以这这里就不推荐租车了向日葵色板官方三人加一堆行李搭乘的小面包车在斯里兰卡旅行的8天里，每天都是晴天境的时候，外国人需要填写一张出境卡，空姐如果在飞机上没有给你，出海关之前可别忘了拿了填写哦 敞亮的斯里兰卡机场，有没有像曼谷机场？ 一路睡过来的，一睁眼就到了，别说，这一路还睡的真香呀！哈哈这就是向日葵色板官方3个人的所有行李了，哈哈~很荣幸这次的旅行，还有一位女流浪艺人加入呢！向日葵色板官方的TEAM，嘿嘿，出门的识猜猜看装了很多相机的哪个书包是我的？嘿嘿~斯里兰卡机场出来的免税店能看到很多卖电器的，这点据说象祖国的80年代，海外打工回来的兰卡人民有银子了，都能在这里带一些进口电器回家。舟舟一眼看上了那把吉他～哈哈，怎么機場還有吉他賣！货币：汇率换算下来大约1元人民币可以换取约19－20斯里兰卡卢比，为方便计算直接将斯里兰卡价格除以20就好。一不小心，薄薄的幾美金，換回來好幾十萬盧比啊！瞬間變成有錢人！向日葵色板官方各自换了500美金做为旅费的开销，出机场用一部分美金换的卢比，建议再留一些美金在身上，因为向日葵色板官方发现有些地方更乐于收美金，比如向日葵色板官方租车和买电话卡的时候；买门票的时候美金比当地货币换算下来更实惠些；手机通讯斯里兰卡的手机资费相当便宜。我们一下飞机就在机场买了斯里兰卡手机号（出机场电动门的左手边），运营商是Dialog，相当于中国移动，信号很好，也是最主流的运营商。在科伦坡机场大厅就可以办理，需护照。花了10美金买了一张卡，单独装在一个手机里，做热点分享流量，3G信号很强，速度不错，3个人用也没问，GPS寻找地图和沿途预定酒店很方便，不得不说自由行中，网络的便捷性真的非常重要。工作人员在帮向日葵色板官方设置手机上网，手脚十分麻利，一会就弄好了，順便說一下，如果是小SIM卡，現場可以提供剪卡的服務，iphone什么的都沒問題啦细资费如下：在办理地打斯里兰卡号码1斯币/分钟，约5分钱；在外地（即漫游状态下）打斯里兰卡号码2斯币/分钟，约1角钱；打回中国是6斯币/分钟，约3角钱。发短信给斯里兰卡号码1斯币/条，约5分钱；发跨国短信（如中国）6斯币/条，约3角钱；GPRS流量费是1MB/1斯币，即100MB≈5元人民币。插入新卡后，可以请工作人员设置一下手机，立刻可上网。每通电话、每条短信之后都会自动显示花费及余额。语言：斯里兰卡有自己的语言和文字，文字很可爱，我叫它们为胖蝌蚪文，也有朋友戏称为屁屁文，英语非常普及，可能老人小孩不太会说英文，但用英语在斯里兰卡行走完全没有问。只是斯里兰卡式英语有口音，听不懂，但他们的语速非常快，有时候他们也听不懂向日葵色板官方说的英文，但还是会表现出来听懂了你的意思，所以最好反复确认一下。和印度很像的是，摇头表示yes，而且左右晃的很可爱从机场到租车的酒店，和接洽人Terry再次确定好行程和交300美金的租车前期款向日葵色板官方的第一顿午餐，洗漱完毕，再吃饱，下午就可以直接出发开始旅行了~饮食：斯里兰卡是食物与印度相比更接近中国的饭菜味道。主食是手抓咖喱饭，游客聚集区域自然什么都贵，去当地人会去的餐厅会和中国小饭馆价格差不多或者略低一些。比如象炒饭和炒面这样的一份主食卖400-600卢比不等，相当于元人民币20-30¥不等。司机爱吃的手抓饭看他吃的津津有味的……我還是下不了手……水果不便宜，但是椰子和香蕉特别便宜，一个金椰子25-40斯币（约两元人民币）金椰子的椰汁甜甜的，很好喝喝完了别忘了让老板帮你把金椰切开，挖里面的椰肉吃，软软滑滑的很有口感。到斯里兰卡不能不尝尝著名的锡兰红茶，世界四大红茶之一。许多小饭馆小茶馆都可以喝到。他们一般不特别说明是Black Tea，只说Plain Tea（纯红茶）或者Milk Tea（加牛奶的红茶），都是默认放糖喝的，很便宜。沿途遇到大超市或者去茶厂看到正宗的红茶都可以买一些带回来送人，非常划算。卫生情况：斯里兰卡人很爱干净，所到之处都是干干净净的。这点上和印度完全不同，狗狗和猫咪也很悠然自得的生活在这个国家，很是羡慕。树荫下晒太阳的狗狗们，多么悠闲阿猫咪望过去的方向就是海，原来它也喜欢边看风景边发呆~这里的猫狗都有属于他们的骄傲小幸福，无比惬意电的使用：斯里兰卡使用的是印插头，圆形接头，两孔或三孔，印度和尼泊尔使用的也是这种接头。接中国的电器需要转换接头，我们自带了转换头和接线板，因为实在是有很多相机、手机需要充电，3个人一起用，很有效率阿～关于旅行要带什么相机和镜头……其实因人而议，个人建议，体力准许的情况下，可以选择单反+微单或者卡片备机镜头可以带个广角和定焦哦，这次我们带的器材比较多，就不做参考了旅行人均开销机票6700¥+500美金旅费（3人420美金7天的租车费用，平均每人140美金），总开销约等于1万¥其实还可以玩得更省一些，向日葵色板官方的机票就占了大头，加上租车了，有些开销就省不下来了。其他注意事项：（1）斯里兰卡车道与中国相反，汽车靠左行驶，过马路要两边看看哦（2）斯里兰卡与中国时差两个半小时，中国十点钟时斯里兰卡是七点半 （3）记得带防晒霜、驱蚊水、风油精之类的物品，斯里兰卡常年高温，多蚊虫（4）在斯里兰卡烟是奢侈品，机场免税店没有烟卖，超市里的烟都锁在柜子里，有需要再打开来卖的，如果给烟给他们抽是很讨好的，甚至有些人会比划动作和你要烟抽（5）斯里兰卡没有人喝热水，酒店也不提供烧水壶，如果有喝热水习惯的，不妨自己带个烧水壶。总之向日葵色板官方带去的泡面，由于找不到热水，又带回来了……其他零食在路上一扫而光出发前的准备和斯里兰卡之旅需要注意的大概情况先介绍到这里，再给我多点时间，整理下后续的游记吧飞机上午抵达斯里兰卡后，中午搞定租车的事情，下午就顺利开始了第一天的旅行，第一站“大象孤儿院”在印度洋岛国斯里兰卡，以大象为图腾的古老传统深深根植于当地文化中，憨厚可爱的大象形象无处不在。斯里兰卡野生动物局于1975年，在斯里兰卡盖克拉镇西北部的品纳维拉建造了一所“大象孤儿院”，主要收养那些在丛林中失去母亲的幼象。图为“大象孤儿院”的正门，门票对外国人：2000卢比(相当于100RMB)([]
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